Question 1

How should I select the LGF-PA66 for booster pumping stations and high-rise building zone metering?

Accepted Answer

Secondary (booster) supply systems have two metering positions with different requirements: the station master meter and the per-building zone meter.

Station master meter: downstream of VFD-driven booster pumps, flow swings hard with speed changes and pump starts produce water hammer. The LGF-PA66 has no moving parts (hammer-tolerant), an unobstructed tube and near-zero pressure loss, so it does not erode pumping efficiency. Order ±0.5% or ±0.2% depending on billing duty, and size it at 1.0–1.5× rated pump flow — an oversized meter spends its life below the accurate velocity window.

Building zone meter: day/night flow ratios of 10:1 are normal and the night minimum is the leakage indicator, so turndown rules. The LGF-PA66 (±0.5% version) reaches 100:1 turndown and holds accuracy at 0.3 m/s; logging at 5-minute intervals through an EC32 RTU feeds night-flow analysis on the secondary-supply supervision platform.

Environment: stations are humid and zone meters usually sit in underground valve pits — order IP68, integral or split depending on pit depth. The lightweight PA66 body lets one technician install and service the meter in a tight pit without lifting gear.
Power: off-grid points run on the low-consumption battery variant or solar.
Comms: EC32 with 4G/NB-IoT and Modbus RTU/TCP connects directly to municipal supervision platforms or utility DMA systems.

For more details, please visit our product page or contact our technical team.

Question 2

Which flow meter suits reclaimed water pipelines? Is the LGF-PA66 right for recycled-water duty?

Accepted Answer

Reclaimed water is aggressive: residual chlorine, suspended solids, algae, elevated conductivity and often flocculant carry-over. Metering it demands corrosion resistance, fouling tolerance and stable accuracy at the same time.

Why the LGF-PA66 fits:

Corrosion: the aviation-grade PA66 composite body is chemically stable in weak acids, alkalis and chlorinated water — it suffers none of the chloride pitting that kills 304/316L stainless bodies, the dominant failure mode in reclaimed-water service.
Fouling: no moving parts, no cavities where sludge collects; light electrode coatings are compensated by the excitation scheme, which keeps the zero stable. Specify a PTFE liner with 316L or Hastelloy electrodes matched to the water chemistry.
Accuracy: ±0.5% covers internal reclaimed-water accounting; use the ±0.2% version at custody-transfer points with reuse customers, verified periodically under JJG 1033.

Typical deployment: LGF-PA66 (DN50–DN300) at the reclamation plant outlet and at each industrial offtake for billing; at park branch points the meter feeds an EC32 RTU that uploads instantaneous and totalized flow plus pressure to the reuse-management platform for quota control and leakage screening. In valve pits, order the IP68 submerged configuration with the split converter and RTU in a pit-side cabinet.

For more details, please visit our product page or contact our technical team.

Question 3

Can the LGF-PA66 be installed on rural PE plastic pipelines? How is grounding handled?

Accepted Answer

Yes — PE pipelines are exactly where the LGF-PA66 shows its structural advantage. An electromagnetic meter needs a return path for its measuring signal; a conventional stainless-body meter relies on the conductive pipe wall, so on insulating PE pipe it requires external grounding rings or electrodes. Skip them and the zero drifts — the most common failure in rural water retrofit projects.

The LGF-PA66 body is itself made of insulating PA66 composite and integrates a grounding-electrode arrangement, so the signal loop closes inside the meter. No external grounding ring is needed on plastic pipe: two fewer installation steps and two fewer potential leak points.

Mechanical connection: electrofusion flange adapters or mating flanges per GB/T 9119, ANSI or DIN. Give us the PE pipe OD (dn110, dn160…) when ordering.
Support: PE pipe is flexible — add rigid supports on both sides of the meter and never mount a valve directly behind it; closing a valve can create suction that lifts the liner.
Full-pipe operation: pick a flooded location (low point or rising leg). The IP68-rated LGF-PA66 can sit in a meter pit with the split converter in a box above ground.
Off-grid sites: pair the meter with a solar panel and an EC32 RTU (4G/NB-IoT) for a low-power telemetry package feeding rural water supervision platforms.

For more details, please visit our product page or contact our technical team.

Question 4

LGF-PA66 electromagnetic flow meter vs turbine flow meter: which one should I use for clean water?

Accepted Answer

Both meters handle clean conductive water, but their construction leads to very different field behavior.

Turbine meters use an impeller in the flow path to generate pulses. They are accurate (±0.5%–±1.0%), but the rotor is a wearing part: particles, scale and rust can jam it, low flow may never overcome bearing friction (a dead start-up band), and the constriction creates permanent pressure loss. On raw water carrying algae or floc, turbine bearings typically last only 1–2 years.

The LGF-PA66 electromagnetic flow meter has an unobstructed measurement tube with no moving parts — only the liner and electrodes touch the medium. It is immune to particles and fibers, pressure loss is near zero, turndown reaches 100:1, and accuracy holds at velocities down to 0.3 m/s, which matches the strong day/night flow swings of supply networks. The aviation-grade PA66 composite body is roughly 60% lighter than a stainless body of the same size, cannot corrode, and the IP68 design allows submerged pit installation.

Turbine meter: small-bore (DN4–DN40) batching of oil products or ultra-pure water.
LGF-PA66: DN15 and above for potable water, reclaimed water and industrial water — especially custody-transfer points and DMA district meters.

For more details, please visit our product page or contact our technical team.

Question 5

How should I choose between the 0.2% and 0.5% accuracy versions of the LGF-PA66 electromagnetic flow meter?

Accepted Answer

The LGF-PA66 is produced in both ±0.2% and ±0.5% accuracy versions. The choice depends on what the flow data is used for — not on picking the highest number.

±0.5% version: for process monitoring, internal water balance in wastewater plants, industrial cooling-water assessment and most DMA district meters, where readings guide operations rather than invoices. Paired with an EC32 RTU uploading instantaneous flow and pressure for night-flow leakage analysis, it is fully sufficient — and saves a price tier.
±0.2% version: for custody transfer and billing (water sales between companies, heat-supply metering), quota-based assessment, and any point verified under JJG 1033, the Chinese verification regulation for electromagnetic flow meters. On large lines a 0.3% error translates into a substantial annual billing difference.

Two engineering details matter in practice. Rated accuracy holds within the 0.3–5 m/s velocity window — if the line runs persistently below 0.5 m/s, downsize the meter to raise velocity, otherwise neither version performs. The ±0.2% version is also less tolerant of installation disturbances: keep at least 10D straight pipe upstream and 5D downstream, away from pump-outlet turbulence. The integral PA66 body with built-in grounding electrode closes the signal loop inside the meter, which is what keeps the zero stable at high turndown.

Specify the accuracy grade at order time — the two versions differ in converter calibration and are not interchangeable in the field. For more details, please visit our product page or contact our technical team.

Question 6

Can the vision-fusion radar level meter keep measuring reliably through typhoons and heavy monsoon rain?

Accepted Answer

The worst failure mode for flood-monitoring hardware is going dark exactly when data matters most — and typhoon downpours are precisely that moment. Reliability of the vision-fusion radar level meter in extreme weather comes down to several design traits:

Limited rain attenuation: 76-81 GHz mmWave does attenuate more in heavy rain than lower-frequency radar, but level measurement distances are meters to tens of meters, and the SNR headroom from the 4 GHz bandwidth fully absorbs storm attenuation — field tests show the echo stays locked on the water surface through intense rainfall;
Wind chop and debris: typhoon conditions churn the surface with floating leaves and trash. FMCW multi-frame averaging suppresses random fluctuations, and clutter echoes are separated from the true water-surface return by signal strength and Doppler signature. If a reading still looks suspect, the 5-megapixel camera captures the scene on demand so dispatchers judge data credibility while looking at a photo — something pure-radar devices cannot offer;
Equipment survival: full IP68 construction tolerates short-term submersion; 9-28 VDC wide-range input with solar plus a 96 AH battery keeps the site running when grid power fails in the disaster, and the low-power design (2+ years endurance) leaves ample margin for consecutive overcast days;
Telemetry resilience: cellular towers can be damaged during typhoons — EC32-based sites run 4G as the primary link, EC60 adds NB-IoT, and dual-carrier SIM setups fail over automatically when one network goes down.

Deployment advice for flood season: recheck zero-point calibration and SPD status windows beforehand, set two alarm tiers (warning level and guaranteed level), temporarily raise camera snapshot frequency (for example hourly) during the season, and afterwards replay the full level-plus-image chronology for post-event review and insurance evidence.

For more details, visit our product pages or contact our technical team.

Question 7

How to implement lightning and surge protection for field-installed vision-fusion radar level meters?

Accepted Answer

Level monitoring sites sit on riverbanks, dam crests and bridges — open, elevated locations that are exactly where lightning risk peaks. The vision-fusion radar level meter is built to IP68 and shrugs off rain, but induced lightning surges travel in through power and signal cabling, so protection belongs on the lines.

The standard approach has three layers. Direct-strike protection: for pole mounts on exposed high ground, fit a lightning rod at the pole top and keep the radar inside its 45-degree protection cone, bonding the mounting bracket firmly to the pole. Grounding system: build a dedicated earth electrode; hold grounding resistance within 4 ohms per hydrological station codes (relaxable to 10 ohms with resistance-reducing agent in high-resistivity mountain soil). Enclosure, rod down-conductor and the RTU cabinet share one earth grid to prevent potential-difference backflash. Line surge protection: the most critical and most often skipped layer — install a DC power SPD at the solar charge controller output, a signal surge protector on the RS485 line before it enters the RTU (EC32/EC60), and route the 4G antenna feeder at least 30 cm away from power and signal runs to avoid inductive coupling.

Wiring details: bring power and signal lines into the cabinet through galvanized conduit or buried metal tray rather than long parallel surface runs on the pole; bond conduit ends at both sides. In high-keraunic zones (40+ thunderstorm days per year), use fiber isolation on the RS485 link or an isolating signal SPD.

Typical surge damage shows as a dead RS485 port with power still present — check the SPD status window for red first, then test the interface chip. Only with all three layers in place does the radar level meter's maintenance-free design actually pay off; one strike during flood season otherwise means a gap in your water level record.

For more details, visit our product pages or contact our technical team.

Question 8

Vision-fusion radar vs float-type vs pressure-type level meters: how to choose?

Accepted Answer

The operating principles of the three level meter families dictate their maintenance cost and data reliability. Point by point:

Contact vs non-contact: float types ride the surface with a float driving an encoder; pressure types sense hydrostatic head with a submerged probe — both put their sensitive parts in the water. The vision-fusion radar level meter measures non-contact at 76-81 GHz FMCW with the housing mounted at the well head or on a pole, never touching the medium. In sewage, sediment-laden flow and freezing winters, wear, clogging and ice damage of submerged parts are the routine failure modes; non-contact radar eliminates this whole class.
Accuracy and drift: radar holds ±1mm and does not drift with medium density or temperature. Pressure readings shift with water temperature and density and with probe fouling, demanding periodic field calibration; float types are affected by float draft and cable friction, with long-term drift at the centimeter level.
Blind zone and range: the radar offers a 10 cm blind zone and a single SKU covering 0.1-65 m. Float systems require a stilling well and counterweight assembly — heavy civil works. Pressure range is limited by probe rating, and deep reservoirs need custom cable.
Maintenance load: float wells need periodic desilting and cable inspection; pressure probes need retrieval and cleaning. The radar level meter is essentially maintenance-free — when a reading looks suspicious, pull a remote snapshot from the 5-megapixel camera first and dispatch only when confirmed.

Radar carries a higher unit price than float or pressure devices, but once stilling-well civils, periodic calibration and service trips are counted over the lifecycle, non-contact usually wins for medium-to-large monitoring networks in sewage, irrigation and flood control. All three families feed EC32/EC60 RTUs over 4G/NB-IoT, so platform-side changes during replacement are minimal. For new sites without existing stilling wells, we recommend going straight to the vision-fusion radar level meter.

For more details, visit our product pages or contact our technical team.

Question 9

Which scenarios suit the 65 m long-range vision-fusion radar level meter? How to select for high mounting?

Accepted Answer

Manholes and urban waterlogging points typically offer 3-10 m of mounting clearance, where short-range models are enough. The 0.1-65 m range of the vision-fusion radar level meter targets a different class of sites — high mounting points with large water level swings:

Reservoir dam crests: the drop from crest to dry-season water surface on medium reservoirs is commonly 20-40 m; one instrument covers the full swing without seasonal relocation;
Highway and river-crossing bridges: mount on the existing bridge structure or railing poles — no stilling well needed, cutting flood-monitoring site lead time from weeks to days;
Intake towers and surge shafts: measure downward from an elevated platform, with range headroom keeping both extremes inside the valid window;
Steep mountain riverbanks: pole mounting above the scour zone, where the 65 m range guarantees a return even in the dry season.

Three points drive model selection for high mounting. First, beamwidth: the higher the mount, the larger the water surface diameter the beam illuminates — the 14-degree horizontal beam covers roughly 15 m of surface at 60 m height, so verify that no rocks or piers sit inside that footprint and mask them in the parameters if they do. Second, signal budget: FMCW echoes attenuate significantly at long range; the mmWave RF chip and high-gain lens antenna of this level meter guarantee full-scale SNR at 65 m — do not stretch a short-range model beyond its rating. Third, power and telemetry: elevated sites usually run on solar plus battery (9-28 VDC supply, 96 AH battery), with data over RS485 to an EC32 or EC60 RTU on 4G/NB-IoT; tune camera snapshot frequency to the power budget.

For more details, visit our product pages or contact our technical team.

Question 10

Can the vision-fusion radar level meter really achieve ±1mm accuracy in the field? What affects it?

Accepted Answer

The ±1mm figure of our vision-fusion radar level meter is a field-verified specification under standard conditions, not an idealized lab number. It rests on the 76-81 GHz FMCW architecture with 4 GHz sweep bandwidth — range resolution is inversely proportional to bandwidth, and the 4 GHz band yields fine enough range bins that, combined with the temperature compensation algorithm in the mmWave RF chip, accuracy stays stable across the full operating temperature range.

To actually hold ±1mm on site, four engineering details matter:

Mounting verticality: the radar beam must point perpendicular to the water surface; a tilt beyond 5 degrees introduces systematic slant-range error at the millimeter level — verify with a spirit level during bracket installation;
Avoid multipath reflections: keep well walls and pole structures outside the main lobe (14 degrees horizontal / 10 degrees vertical beamwidth); mount near the channel centerline;
Datum calibration: after installation, perform a zero-point calibration, write the measured mounting height into the parameters, and verify against a staff gauge;
Water surface condition: calm water gives the strongest echo. In wind-driven chop the multi-frame averaging of FMCW smooths readings automatically; under extreme turbulence, pull a snapshot from the 5-megapixel camera to confirm what the surface actually looks like.

That is exactly where the vision-fusion design pays off: suspected anomalies are checked with a live photo from the platform — no site visit needed. Data goes out over RS485 to an EC32 or EC60 RTU, and hydrological monitoring deployments can feed directly into the gauge-comparison procedures required by level meter verification standards.

For more details, visit our product pages or contact our technical team.

Question 11

Can a Doppler radar flowmeter still measure accurately under backwater from a downstream gate?

Accepted Answer

Gate-induced backwater is the classic open-channel measurement problem: once the downstream gate throttles or the tailwater rises, the measuring section passes from free flow into the backwater zone, the velocity profile flattens, local recirculation appears, and the surface-to-mean velocity coefficient K drifts. Every method built on a fixed K loses accuracy, and Doppler radar flowmeters are no exception — but three measures bring the error back into an acceptable band.

Pick the section location first. Place the measuring section outside the backwater influence: compute the backwater profile at maximum tailwater and site the section above the afflux line with enough straight reach upstream of the gate. Where an existing station inside the backwater zone cannot be moved, go to the second measure.

Calibrate K in segments. The COSP model of the HZ-KSLF accepts K as a function of stage (or of the head difference across the gate). During calibration, add dedicated gaugings under throttled high-tailwater conditions on top of the routine mid-flow ones: set the gate to several openings, gauge with a current meter once each stage stabilises, and regress a separate K curve for the backwater regime. Free flow then uses the free-flow curve, backwater the backwater curve, with switching decided automatically from real-time level.

Monitor head on both sides. Install a visual millimetre-wave radar level meter downstream (80 GHz FMCW, ±1 mm resolution) to read tailwater, and wire both levels into an EC32/EC60 series RTU. The head difference classifies the flow regime in real time: above the critical head the section is in free flow; below it, the backwater K curve takes over. Discharge records from gate-controlled reaches also carry a regime flag for water-allocation audits.

Irrigation networks, urban drainage gate stations and tidal barriers all see periodic backwater. This combination — section siting, segmented calibration and dual-level regime detection — has been proven at multiple gate-controlled sites, holding flow deviation within ±8% under backwater.

For more details, visit our product pages or contact our technical team.

Question 12

Can Doppler radar flowmeters be used on small and narrow canals? What is the minimum measurable channel width?

Accepted Answer

Yes, but narrow-canal selection starts with matching the radar beam footprint to the channel geometry. The HZ-KSLF multi-band Doppler radar flowmeter has a beam angle of about 12°, and the illuminated ellipse on the water grows with mounting height: roughly 0.1 m across at 0.5 m height, 0.4 m at 2 m. The rule of thumb is that the water surface should be at least three footprint diameters wide, so the measuring point sits in the main flow and bank reflections stay out of the signal.

From that geometry: with the mounting height kept to 0.5–1 m, the HZ-KSLF covers channels down to about 0.3 m water-surface width — tertiary canals, U-flumes and farm turnouts. Narrower reaches (0.1–0.2 m field ditches) are better served by a small contact-type ultrasonic open-channel meter or a weir/flume, which match those sites on both cost and accuracy.

Further points for narrow-canal selection:

Minimum mounting height: 0.5 m for the HZ-KSLF; on U-flumes a compact gantry or cantilever over the crown does the job.
Low-water measurement: tertiary canals often run under 0.1 m depth in the dry season. The HZ-KSLF's integrated level channel resolves down to about 0.05 m, and the COSP model's shallow-water correction still yields discharge.
Power and telemetry: no mains in the fields — standard kit is solar plus Li-ion battery with 4G Cat.1 or NB-IoT (EC60 series RTU), minute-level reporting during irrigation season and automatic sleep-down off-season.
Impact protection: add a protective cage where farm machinery works, and run cable in galvanised conduit for split sensor/RTU installs.

The typical irrigation-district configuration is one meter per canal: HZ-KSLF + EC32 RTU + solar, keeping per-point cost contained while data flows straight into the district management platform.

For more details, visit our product pages or contact our technical team.

Question 13

Does the velocity coefficient of a Doppler radar flowmeter need field calibration? How is a gauging-based calibration performed?

Accepted Answer

Yes. Radar measures surface velocity at a point; converting it to cross-sectional mean velocity requires a coefficient K, theoretically in the 0.85–0.95 range. HZ-KSLF ships with the COSP model pre-loaded with a dynamic K relationship for standard sections (rectangular/trapezoidal), so regular lined canals can go straight into service. Natural rivers, compound sections and channels with unusual roughness, however, must be field-calibrated before commissioning — otherwise systematic error can exceed 10%.

Standard calibration procedure:

Pick a stable mid-flow period and gauge the section with a current meter (rotor or acoustic, multi-vertical multi-point method per GB 50179), recording HZ-KSLF surface velocity and level simultaneously. Cover at least low, mid and high stages with three or more gaugings each.
Divide the measured mean velocity by the radar surface velocity and regress the K-value curve for the section (how K varies with stage).
Write the section geometry (bed width, side slopes, roughness) and the K curve into the COSP model with the configuration software, or push it remotely through an EC32/EC60 series RTU.
Run one or two verification gaugings afterwards; flow deviation should converge within ±5%. Key metering stations targeting ±2–3% need denser calibration.

Recalibration cycle: quarterly during the first hydrological year, then once before each flood season once K proves stable. Re-calibrate immediately whenever the section scours or silts, lining is damaged, or new structures are built upstream or downstream. Gauging records can be exported over the RTU's Modbus/4G channel for hydrological review and archiving.

For more details, visit our product pages or contact our technical team.

Question 14

Can a Doppler radar flowmeter be installed under a bridge or inside a box culvert? What space and clearance limits apply?

Accepted Answer

Yes, but the two scenarios impose very different constraints and must be handled separately.

Bridge-mounted measurement is the classic non-contact installation. The HZ-KSLF sensor is fixed to the parapet or a cantilever bracket with the beam aimed vertically at the water surface; the clearance from sensor to water must stay within 0.5–15 m. Three things to watch: first, the beam footprint has to land on the straight approach reach upstream of the bridge, clear of pier wakes — the zone 3–5 pier-widths downstream of a pier is turbulently disturbed and unusable as a measuring point. Second, on steel bridges with noticeable deck vibration, the bracket needs damping, otherwise wind-induced shake couples into the velocity signal. Third, power and telemetry: bridges rarely have mains supply, so the standard kit is a solar panel plus battery, with 4G backhaul and an EC32 series RTU doing acquisition and forwarding.

Box culverts and closed conduits turn on radar line-of-sight. Inside there is no GPS, no light and often less than 1 m of headroom. The HZ-KSLF still works at low clearance (minimum mounting height about 0.5 m), provided you confirm: the conduit runs partly full — if it flows full, switch to an LGF-PA66 magnetic flow meter for pressurised metering; there is a mounting platform and access hatch in the crown; and the sensor sits on a straight reach at least two conduit-diameters inside the portal where the velocity profile is settled. 4G signal is weak inside culverts, so run an external antenna to the portal, or choose an EC60 series RTU with NB-IoT for extra link budget.

For both scenarios we recommend one manual gauging at commissioning to calibrate the section coefficient into the COSP model before the site goes live.

For more details, visit our product pages or contact our technical team.

Question 15

What is the difference between a Doppler radar flowmeter and an ADCP? How to choose between surface and submerged flow measurement?

Accepted Answer

Both instruments rely on the Doppler effect, but they measure at completely different positions. An ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) is a contact device: its transducer is submerged and uses acoustic backscatter to profile velocity across multiple depth layers. The HZ-KSLF multi-band Doppler radar flowmeter is non-contact: it is mounted above the cross-section, measures surface velocity with radar waves, and converts it to discharge through the COSP model.

Selection in practice comes down to four points:

Abrasion and fouling: ADCP transducers sit in the water column; in sediment-laden rivers or channels with debris and weeds they suffer wear and entanglement and need periodic hoisting for cleaning. The HZ-KSLF never touches the water, so such sites are essentially maintenance-free.
Availability during floods: high-velocity, sediment-rich flood peaks are exactly when ADCPs fail most often — and when radar flowmeters are most stable. Non-contact measurement keeps the data flowing through over-design floods, which is why radar suits flood-monitoring sections.
Low-water performance: an ADCP needs enough depth to submerge the transducer (typically ≥0.3 m) and goes blind on dry-season shallows; the HZ-KSLF measures as long as a water surface exists, and with its integrated level channel covers low levels down to about 0.05 m.
Cost structure: ADCPs carry a high purchase price plus hoisting and boat-survey O&M; a radar flowmeter is a one-time installation with routine solar-power and 4G telemetry upkeep, diagnosed remotely via EC32/EC60 series RTUs.

Research sections that genuinely require layered velocity profiles — or pressurised full-pipe duty, where the LGF-PA66 aviation-grade magnetic flow meter is the better fit — are separate cases. For ordinary open-channel metering, flood warning and irrigation measurement, the non-contact radar solution comes first.

For more details, visit our product pages or contact our technical team.

Frequently Asked Questions

How should I select the LGF-PA66 for booster pumping stations and high-rise building zone metering?

Which flow meter suits reclaimed water pipelines? Is the LGF-PA66 right for recycled-water duty?

Can the LGF-PA66 be installed on rural PE plastic pipelines? How is grounding handled?

LGF-PA66 electromagnetic flow meter vs turbine flow meter: which one should I use for clean water?

How should I choose between the 0.2% and 0.5% accuracy versions of the LGF-PA66 electromagnetic flow meter?

Can the vision-fusion radar level meter keep measuring reliably through typhoons and heavy monsoon rain?

How to implement lightning and surge protection for field-installed vision-fusion radar level meters?

Vision-fusion radar vs float-type vs pressure-type level meters: how to choose?

Which scenarios suit the 65 m long-range vision-fusion radar level meter? How to select for high mounting?

Can the vision-fusion radar level meter really achieve ±1mm accuracy in the field? What affects it?

Can a Doppler radar flowmeter still measure accurately under backwater from a downstream gate?

Can Doppler radar flowmeters be used on small and narrow canals? What is the minimum measurable channel width?

Does the velocity coefficient of a Doppler radar flowmeter need field calibration? How is a gauging-based calibration performed?

Can a Doppler radar flowmeter be installed under a bridge or inside a box culvert? What space and clearance limits apply?

What is the difference between a Doppler radar flowmeter and an ADCP? How to choose between surface and submerged flow measurement?

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